ملاحظات عامة في النحو و الترجمة

**محمد الملا محمود** · 08-07-2024, 08:44

موضوع الضمائر أيضا موضوع مهم ورغم بساطته يخطئ الكثيرون في اختيار الضمير المناسب
من يظنه موضوع بسيط أو ساذج لبساطته هو واهم جدا , وبالنسبة لي أعطيه أهمية ..
دعوني أشرح شيئا وأضع بعض الأمثلة وأناقشها :

Who or whom \ pronouns
Choose as chairman (whoever, whomever) you like
= object to the verb like. It also can be an object to the verb "choose" once we choose " him" Not choose He
?can I get to do this for me
(Who, Whom)
object to the verb get " causative"
This is the man (who, whom) we were talking about
object to the preposition ' about'

And here are more examples with explanation
Rule : If you can replace the word with he or she or another subject pronoun, use who. If you can replace it with him or her (or another object pronoun), use whom.
Who or whom
1. The woman (who, whom) was recently elected to the board of directors has been with the company for some years.
who—subject of the clause who was elected
2. The accountant (who, whom) we understand did not wish to be interviewed has been asked to appear at the trial.
who—subject of the clause who did not wish to be interviewed. The we understand is parenthetical
3. (Who, Whom) do you suppose will buy this car?
Who—subject of the clause Who will buy this car
4. (Who, Whom) do you suppose the company will choose?
Whom—object of the verb will choose. The subject of the clause is company.
5. Let me speak to (whoever, whomever) is waiting for the general.
whoever—subject of the clause is waiting for the general
6. Let me speak to (whoever, whomever) the general hopes to convince to join his campaign.
whomever—object of the verb convince
7. (Whoever, Whomever) I think deserves the prize always seems to lose. Whoever—subject of the clause deserves the prize
8. They will give the job to (whoever, whomever) they decide is most likely to support their position.
whoever—subject of the clause is most likely to support their position
9. They will give the job to (whoever, whomever) they decide they can agree with about prices.
whomever—object of the preposition with
10. Do you really care about (who, whom) you choose?
whom—object of the verb choose

**محمد الملا محمود** · 13-07-2024, 04:36

Correct the error of the sentences
3 This is the computer what broke yesterday.
This Is the computer that was broken yesterday.
4 The girl was carried by the woman who had broken her leg.
( who had broken her leg = misplaced modifier – the girl is who her leg was broken not the woman )
The girl who had broken her leg was carried by the woman

جملة 3 استخدام what = غلط وكذلك الفعل المفروض يكون passive وليس active الكومبيوتر لا يكسر نفسه من تلقاء ذاته بل بسبب فاعل
جملة 4 فيها misplaced modifier ليس المرأة رجلها مكسورة بل البنت
تم نقل البنت ذات الرجل المكسورة ( البنت التي كسرت ساقها ) من قبل المرأة
عمدا أو غير عمد لا ندري ؟ وهنا تساؤل , لكن وفق تركيب الجمل الإنجليزية = مستخدمة
طبعا موجود هكذا نمط جمل في الإنجليزية = مقبول ولكن ارتأيت الأفضل في التعديل الأخير

The girl who had broken her leg was carried by the woman. = correct English sentence

تصحيح أفضل :
The girl whose leg was broken was carried by the woman.
The girl whose leg had been broken was carried by the woman.

**محمد الملا محمود** · 15-07-2024, 03:36

موضوع مهم جدا موضوع الضمائر هل هو ضمير فاعل أم مفعول سنلاحظ من خلال الشرح

الموضوع لطلبة الدراسات المتقدمة أو من هم على كفاءة عالية في اللغة

ملاحظة مهمة جدا : التعابير do you think \ do you believe \ do you know لا تؤثر على الضمير وتجعله مفعول بل تعتبر مجرد parenthetical ,ولو أتى الضمير بصيغة ضمير مفعول, التعابير أعلاه لم تجعله مفعول , بل هناك في سياق الجملة ما يجعله كذلك
وهنا تطبيق أبين لكم الطريقة كيف :
In choosing who or whom, ignore parenthetical expressions such as I hope, we think, I believe, they said, and you know.
Edward is the candidate (who/whom) we believe is best.
Isolate: ____ we believe is best
Ignore: ___ [we believe] is best
Substitute: he is best
Equate: who is best
Complete: Edward is the candidate who we believe is best.

who — whoever
1. Subject 2. Predicate nominative
whom — whomever
1. Direct object 2. Indirect object 3. Object of a preposition
Examples:
Who is the candidate of your party? "- (Who is the subject of the sentence and is, therefore, in the subjective case.)
To whom much is given, much is required. (Whom is an object of a preposition and is, therefore, in the objective case.)
The radio station gave free tickets to whoever called first. (Whoever is the subject of the clause whoever called first and is, therefore, in the subjective case, even though it follows a preposition and thus appears to require the objective case. However, the whole clause, not merely the pronoun, is the object of the preposition to. The pronoun must maintain the proper form to serve its function within the clause.)
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with one of the following words and explain the use of the word chosen.
1. who 2. whoever 3. whom 4. whomever
If the pronoun is in a dependent clause, underline the clause and identify it as a noun, adjective, or adverb clause.
Example: The candidate for whom the rally was held is a man of good character.
whom — object of the preposition "for" in an adjective clause
1. Who won the World Series in 1989? = subject of the sentence
2. To whom was credit given for rescheduling the game?
= object of the preposition "to"
3. The commissioner of baseball was who at that time?
= predicate nominative
4. Tickets are often resold to whoever offers the best price.
= subject of a noun clause (clause used as object of the preposition "to")
5. The starting pitchers are the players whom the media gives the most publicity.
= indirect object in an adjective clause (clause modifies "players") 6. The pinch-hitters arewhomever the coaches choose.
= direct object in a noun clause (clause used as predicate nominative of sentence)
7. Do you know who the next batter will be?
= predicate nominative in a noun clause (clause is the direct object of "do know")
8. Rentals for concession stands are leased to whomever the business managers determine to be the best qualified.
= subject of the infinitive phrase "whomever to be best qualified" (The infinitive phrase is the direct object of "determine," which is the verb in the noun clause "the business managers determine whomever to be the best qualified." The noun clause is the object of the preposition "to.")
Remind the student that the subjects of infinitives are in the objective case.
9. Prizes should be given to whoever eats the most popcorn.
= subject of noun clause used as object of the preposition "to"
10. The home team allows whoever the opponent is a small percentage of the tickets for the game.
= predicate nominative in a noun clause (clause is indirect object of "allows")
11. Whom did you call about the score? = direct object of "did call" 12. Who did you say is the most challenging competitor?
= subject of noun clause (clause is direct object of "did say")
13. Whom do you know on our opponent's team?
= direct object of "do know"
14. Do you have a friend whom you trust?
= direct object in an adjective clause (clause modifies "friend")
15. Do you have a friend who trusts you?
= subject of an adjective clause (clause modifies "friend")
Exercise
1. With whom do you enjoy studying?
= object of the preposition "with"
2. Please give whoever answers the call my message.
= subject of a noun clause (clause is indirect object of "give")
3. My parents invite whomever(or whom) I choose for my birthday picnic.
= direct object in a noun clause (clause is direct object of "invite") 4. Who do you think wrote this article?
= subject of noun clause (clause is direct object of "do think")
5. Whom do you believe our country will elect as the next President?
= direct object of "will elect" in a noun clause (clause is direct object of "do believe")
6. Every President whom we people elect has a moral obligation to walk in a manner worthy of the trust. direct object in an adjective clause modifying "President"
7. Who do you hope your new neighbor will be?
= predicate nominative in a noun clause (clause is direct object of "do hope")
8. The college personnel whom I contacted sent me a brochure with information about their school.
= direct object of an adjective clause modifying "personnel"
9. You can give whomever you choose the fruit.
= direct object in a noun clause (clause is indirect object of "can give")
10. Do we always elect whoever is the best qualified?
= subject of a noun clause (clause is direct object of "do elect")
11. You saw whom at the parade? = direct object of "saw"
12. About whom were the reports written?
= object of the preposition "about"
13. Whoever you bring should have an umbrella.
= whoever that you bring ……
subject of the (independent clause of the) sentence
Note that the pronoun subject whoever is modified by an adjective clause with an implied introductory relative pronoun: "[that] you bring."
14. Your favorite candidate was who? = predicate nominative Pop quiz

1. Choose whoever/whomever you prefer.

2. Choose whoever/whomever you think will win.

3. Whoever/whomever is chosen, we must pick wisely.

4. We discussed it with whoever/whomever we figured might be interested.

5. Make sure whoever/whomever you hire turns out to be qualified.

6. Make sure you hire whoever/whomever turns out to be qualified.

answers
1. Choose whomever you prefer. (you prefer him)
2. Choose whoever you think will win. (you think I will win)
3. Whoever is chosen, we must pick wisely. (he is chosen)
4. We discussed it with whoever we figured might be interested. (we figured they might be interested)
5. Make sure whomever you hire turns out to be qualified. (you hire him)
6. Make sure you hire whoever turns out to be qualified. (she turns out to be qualified)

**محمد الملا محمود** · 16-07-2024, 14:37

أعود للموضوع أعلاه وأشرح جملتين بشكل مفصل لأنه بعض الطلاب ادمغتهم قاصرة عن الاستيعاب
ولأقولها بكل وضوح بالعراقية ( عندما يكون موقع الضمير في الجملة الثانوية subordinate clause
مالنا شغل بالجملة الرئيسة

1. Choose whomever / whoever you prefer.
= object of the verb prefer
اختر من تفضله ( مفعول للفعل يُفضل ) وليس للفعل يختار
Two clauses ( main clause + subordinate clause)
We have no issues with the main clause. We concentrate on the subordinate clause.
التركيز على الجملة الثانوية ( التابعة ) وليس على الجملة الرئيسة
= you prefer ( whom) = him
Main clause ------subordinate clause
2. Choose whoever / whomever you think will win.
اختر من تظنه سيربح ( هو يربح = فاعل ) أنت تظنه لا تجعله يصبح مفعول مطلقا
= subject to the verb ( win) = who will win
= he or she will win
Verbs like think, believe don't affect on the result

**محمد الملا محمود** · 18-07-2024, 09:27

حالات استخدام الهايفن hyphen = ( شارحة ) مع الصفات المركبة قبل الأسماء
توجد سبعة حالات معتمدة في أغلب المصادر مع وجود اختلافات بسيطة بين الأميركية والبريطانية لا يسعني المجال لذكرها ومع ذلك لا تعد ذات أهمية
forming compound adjectives
1- اسم + اسم + ( الاسم المركزي noun head ) الأسماء في هذه الحالة تعمل عمل صفات كما في المثال :
video- game industry : صناعة ألعاب الفيديو ( تعتبر صفات قبل الأسم المحوري industry
2- (صفة + اسم) + اسم : High -performance communication
ملاحظة مهمة : لا توضع hyphen قبل الأسم المحوري ( بين آخر صفة والأسم المحوري )
3- (اسم + اسم مفعول )+ اسم : computer -related terms
4- ( اسم + اسم فاعل ) + اسم : filed - emitting materials
5- ( ظرف + اسم مفعول ) + اسم : well-established transportation فيها استثناء مشروح
6- ( عدد + وحدة ) + اسم : مثلا 200 - ( مع الرقم تتغير الكتابة بسبب لغة الموقع كونها بالعربي )
pixel version
7- عبارة + اسم : state -of- the-art green manufacturing plants

There are seven forms of compound adjectives that require hyphenation
All the combinations of compound modifiers listed below act as adjectives before a noun, and it is the hyphen that makes this relationship clear and helps to
avoid ambiguity
1
noun + noun) + noun)
Note how the same compound noun video games is not hyphenated when it occurs alone, but requires a hyphen when it functions as an adjective before
another noun:
image.png
2
adjective + noun \ + noun \
In this example, the communication networks are not high, but rather the performance is high. In order to show that high modifies performance and not the head noun, networks, a hyphen is necessary
image.png
3
noun + past participle \ + noun \

This use of the past participle in modifying a noun allows relative clauses to be compressed and placed before the noun. This ordering also places emphasis on the important word terms, rather than computers which would have resulted if the writer had used the relative clause. However, this strategy cannot be used with all verbs and could, if overused, violate the requirements of "light" before "heavy" elements
image.png
4
noun + present participle\ + noun \
Similar to modification using a past participle, using the present participle to modify a noun allows relative clauses to be compressed and moved to a position before the noun. By doing this, the writer is able to emphasise materials rather than fields

image.png
In the example above, note how the noun fields, which is expressed in the plural (monikko) form in the relative clauses, becomes singular (yksikkö) field when it precedes and modifies the noun materials .
5
adverb + past participle \ + noun \
Once again, a past participle allows the writer to shift elements around in the noun phrase, thus avoiding the use of the more obvious relative clause, which would have meant ending the sentence with a verb.
image.png
The only exception to this rule occurs with or adverb-adjective compound modifiers. Hyphens are generally not used in adverb-adjective compound modifiers, when the adverb ends in -ly because no such confusion is likely to occur.
Pre-modification………….post-modification
A quickly moving manage ……A vehicle that moves quickly
6
Number + unit ) + noun )
Use a hyphen when a number-unit compound comes before a noun, but not when it follows the noun
image.png
Note that whereas the units in the number-unit expression would normally be plural when standing alone, the units must become singular and hyphenated when placed before a noun.
Pre-modification………….post-modification
A four-day week\ a week that lasts only four days
A three-step sequence \ a sequence that consists of 3 steps
7
Phrase + noun
Phrases that pre-modify the noun are typically hyphenated to clarify their function as adjectives.
image.png

**محمد الملا محمود** · 22-10-2024, 13:23

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs
Participle
A participle is a non-finite verb. It is also called a 'verbal adjective', which means that it has characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. A participle most often ends in '-ing' or '-ed'. There are three types of participles
1. Present participle 2. Past participle 3. Perfect participle
Present Participle
The present participle is the 'ing' form of a verb, used as a modifier. e.g. This is an interesting novel
Uses of Present Participle • As adjective e.g.
1. It was a tiring journey. 2. I read an interesting novel.
انها رحلة متعبة -- قرأت رواية ممتعة
The verbs of perception; 'see, hear, feel, smell', and the verbs—'listen' (to), 'notice' and 'watch' can be followed by 'object + present participle'. e.g.
I see her passing through the street daily.
أراها في كل يوم ( بشكل يومي) تعبر الشارع = أرى جزء من لحظة عبورها
ربما أراقبها في لحظة معينة لكن لو كان مصدر = أرى كل الفعالية
( the infinitive can also be used but slight difference in meaning)
I can hear the clock striking.
If one action is immediately followed by another, done by the same subject, the first action can also be denoted by a present participle.
e.g. He opened the cupboard. He took out a file.
Opening the book, he took out a file.
Past Participle
Most of the Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words: walked, eaten, saved, dealt and seen
Uses of Past Participle : As adjective e.g.
1. This is a fried fish. (not frying) the fish can't make sense of frying or brings to someone the action of frying.
هنا صفة ( اسم مفعول ) ليس فيها تأثير ( سمك مقلي ) هذا سمك مقلي
2. I need a boiled egg. أريد بيضا مسلوقا
To form perfect tense e.g.
Ram has arrived. They have completed the work.
In passive structures e.g.
This is the book written by me.
Learn the lessons taught by her.
Perfect Participle
Perfect Participle is made by combining 'having' and past participle. e.g.
Having eaten, Having broken etc.
Uses of Perfect Participle
The perfect participle is used when there is an interval of time between the two actions.
Having failed thrice, she didn't want to apply again.
We use this form when an action was happened earlier than the second and we want to emphasize that action happened first.
بما أنها فشلت ثلاث مرات, لا تود التقديم مرة ثانية ( ربما قدمت أوراق – طلب ) وفشلت في الاختبار
( نلاحظ استخدام هذا النمط من اسم المفعول التام : حدثين أحدهما انتهى بالتمام والكمال قبل الآخر = نفس طريقة الماضي التام )
Having passed his M.A, he enrolled for Ph.D.
Perfect participle is also used when the first action covered a period of time. e.g.
Having been a boxer for six years, he knew where to punch
Formation of adjectives
Adjectives with -ed and -ing endings
1. Adjectives that end with '-ed' describe emotions; they tell us how people feel about something.
I was very bored with the film. I almost fell asleep.
2. Adjectives that end '-ing' describe the thing that causes the emotion.
I found the film so boring that I almost fell asleep.
Read the sentences below.
Here are difference between the two types of adjectives: adjectives ending in -ed and -ing.
a. I was shocked. How shocking the accident was last night!
b. They were frightened. The roller-coaster ride was frightening!
c. Father was really annoyed. How annoying your behaviour was! d. The confusing street signs in the city confused us.
e. I am bored reading these grammar rules all the time.
f. It is so boring. • I am tired now.
g. The long journey by train was tiring.
h. Public toilets are usually disgusting.
i. I am disgusted by the smell in some of them.
j. Your speech was very inspiring.
k. Youngsters are inspired by it. ( past participle / passive)
Exercise + solution
Choose the correct adjective ed, or ing.
1. I didn't enjoy the party. It was very……( bored/ boring)
2. The ghost story was very ……(frightened / frightening)
3. I was….. (shocked/ shocking) by what she told me.
4. The children were over- (excited/ exiting) and noisy.
5. Your holiday in
South America sounds very …(excited/ exiting)
6. I was ….(embarrassing / embarrassed) when they asked me to sing.
7. It was very….. (depressed/ depressing) to hear about your problems.
8. I thought the story was very……. (confused/ confusing)
9. I was very tired so I went to bed.
10. I went home early because the party was boring.

**محمد الملا محمود** · 30-10-2024, 06:57

بعض المصطلحات مع حرف الحاء ( عربي - إنجليزي )

To hold one's breath = حَبَسَ الْأَنْفَاسَ
Solitary confinement = حَبْسٌ إِنْفِرَادِيٌّ
= Train of thought حَبْلُ الْأَفْكَارِ
Hangman's rope = حَبْلُ المَشْنَقَة
Dregs= حُثَالَةٌ
Woman's veil= حِجَابُ الْمَرْأَةِ
Blocking a website = حجب صفحة أو موقع
No-confidence vote = حَجْبُ الثَّقَة
A weak argument = حجة باردة \ ضعيفة تفتقد إلى الدلائل
Irrefutable evidence = حجة دامغة
False evidence = حجة كاذبة \ دليل كاذب
Lame excuse; false pretence = حجة واهية
Cornerstone = حجر الزاوية
Stumbling block = حجر عثرة
Detention of offenders = حجز المجرمين
Arbitrary detention = حجز دون مبرر
To curb : He tried to curb his temper = restrain= يحجم دور ( يُعيق )
To curb spending = تحجيم الإنفاق ( ترشيق )
Volume of imports = حجم الواردات

**محمد الملا محمود** · 07-11-2024, 15:04

موضوع ترتيب الصفات في اللغة الإنجليزية
الموضوع رغم بساطته يخطئ فيه الكثيرون حتى بين المستويات العليا
الصعوبة تكمن بعض الصفات تندرج تحت ما نسميه physical quality مثل ( thin , rough, untidy) هذه البعض يتوهم بها ويضعها ضمن تسلسل صفات الشكل shape تابع الأمثلة مع الشرح :

القاعدة الصحيحة 1- opinion مثلا beautiful / smart ,و 2- الحجم size مثلا big / large / small و 3 الشكل shape مثلا round \ flat \ straight l مربع , دائري , حلقي مستطيل والخ
و 4 العمر شاب , كبير old , young , new و 5 صفات اللون : أحمر , أزرق , أبيض والخ red , blue , white , brown و 6 صفات المنشأ origin ألماني , عراقي , مصري Egyptian , German, Swiss والخ و 7 صفات المادة material من أي شيء مصنوع ( خشبي , حديدي , ورقي والخ ) و 8 النوعية : مثلا general-purpose, four-sided, U-shaped, electric, two-sided, pick-up و 9 صفات الغرض ( لماذا يستخدم أو ما مجال استخدام ذلك الشيء مثلا : cooking , sports , education , welding والخ
تبقى الصفات التي ذكرتها في البداية ( هي قليلة على الأغلب ) مجموعة physical quality أو تسمية أخرى condition / state هذه تضعها بين الحجم والشكل
ادرجت امثلة كثيرة تحت مع شرح

Which Sentence is Correct?
(A) The Smart Small Greek Computer
= opinion --- size --- origin = correct
(B) The Large Brown Skinny Tree X
(C) The Young Chinese Tall Student X
(D) The Pink Tall Plastic Elephant X
الجواب :
خيار b ترتيب الصفات ليس صحيح المفروض Skinny تكون قبل large في بعض المصادر لكونهم يعتبرونها physical quality يضعونها قبل صفة اللون ( بين الحجم واللون ) وهو الأصوب
خيار c أيضا غلط الصفة tall موقعها الصحيح قبل young
خيار d أيضا غلط , الصفة tall يجب أن تكون قبل صفة اللون pink

Opinion Size Shape Age Color Nationality/Origin Material Purpose
X ----- big----round X --- X ---- X ------- gold --- X
a round/gold/big brooch
answer = A big round gold brooch

adjectives order rule
1
opinion : unusual, lovely , beautiful
2. size 3. physical quality ( thin , rough, untidy) 4. shape
5. age 6. color 7. origin 8. material
9. type : four-sided , general-purpose, U-shape
10. purpose : cleaning, cooking , hammering

All the following exercises are answered by me
arrange the following adjectives in order
1. a/an village (old, English, small, beautiful)
= a beautiful small old English village
2. a/an bracelet (diamond/beautiful/invaluable)
= an invaluable beautiful diamond bracelet
3. a/an pajamas (nylon/pink/ long)
= a long pink nylon pajamas
4. a/an statue (seventeenth century/Scottish/small/fragile)
= a small, fragile seventeenth century Scottish statue
5. a/an motorcycle (British, large, old)
= a large old British motorcycle
6. a/an wallet (old/plastic/ugly/brown)
= an ugly old brown plastic wallet.
-----
Put the adjectives in the correct order in these sentences.
1. Pinaki ate generous two slices of apple pie.
two generous slices of apple pie.
2. My ginger and grey tortoiseshell first fat cat is named Tabby.
My first, fat, ginger and grey, tortoiseshell cat is named Tabby
3. Noor brought home a white adorable little pup.
Noor brought home an adorable, little white pup
4. We heard that the American new exciting band is in town.
We heard that the exciting, new American band is in town.
5. That purple tiny pretty gem is my favourite.
That pretty, tiny, purple gem is my favourite.

Put the adjectives in the correct order
1. Mr. Tan has a (noisy, tiny, long-tailed, Pekinese) dog.
Mr. Tan has a noisy , long-tailed , tiny Pekinese dog.
2. The (Alaskan, bright, loving) penguins are an absolute delight.
The bright, loving, Alaskan penguins are an absolute delight
3. My cousin bought us a (reclining, leather, brown, Moroccan) chair.
My cousin bought us a reclining , brown, leather Moroccan chair.
4. She found (old, several, reddish-brown, paper) files in the cabinet.
She found several old, reddish-brown paper files in the cabinet.
5. I found my (two-year-old, reading, tinted] glasses under the table.
I found my two-year-old, tinted reading glasses under the table.
6. The (African, noisy, two, young) children thrilled the people at the party.
The two, noisy, young African children thrilled the people at the party.

Put the adjectives in the correct order.
1. a Japanese/little/pretty/girl = A pretty little Japanese girl.
2. a(n) wedding/expensive/silk/white/dress
A wedding expensive white silk dress.
3. a(n) pair of leather/black/walking/old/shoes
A pair of walking old black leather shoes.
4. a(n) English/ancient/famous/monument
A famous ancient English monument.
5. a detective/new/fascinating/French/film
A detective fascinating new French film.
6. a red/lovely/marble/chess set
A lovely red marble chess set.
7. a dessert/crystal/lovely/bowl
A lovely dessert crystal bowl
adjective order exercise
1. He's a ________ doctor.
young charming / charming young
2. I plan on wearing my ________ coat.
long black \ black long
3. This is a ________ painting from the 18th century.
French well-known \ well-known French
4. She was wearing a ________ dress.
green beautiful / beautiful green
5. The ________ bird! I'm going to help it!
poor little/ little poor
6. She prepared a ________ dinner for us.
Mexican wonderful/ wonderful Mexican
7.
Nagoya is an example of a ________ city.
modern Japanese / Japanese modern

**محمد الملا محمود** · 05-01-2025, 06:47

أدب \ تعابير
كنت أقرأ أحد كتب الريحاني فوجدت ما يناسب التعابير باللغة الإنجليزية

الفيلسوف الفصيح eloquent philosopher :
الأمنية القصوى the utmost hope
من غير who other than :
بيد أنني I, however
إذ ذاك then , at that time
افسدت على ... عمله thwarted its action :
فبت أرعى النجوم so I spent the night watching the stars:
(lit. shepherding the stars)
كما يقول الشاعر As the poet says :
يا معلمي O my master :
كل ما به all his woes, lit : all that is in him :
فهلا تشبهت so why have I not likened myself :
كيفية استخدام مفردة : هلا
لا استطيع وضعها بين القوسين لأنه حالما أضعها تقفز إلى مكان آخر

The particle( ) when followed by an imperfect verb signifies an urging for an action, and when followed by a perfect verb, as here, signifies a remonstrance for the neglect of an action.
فرفعت يد الدائن and dispossessed the creditor, lit. “raised the hand of the creditor
بمريم العذراء by the Virgin Mary :
بحياة الله (التعبير لا يستخدم من قبل المسلمين )by the life of God :
وحق جميع القديسيين By the truth of all saints :
فصحت بهما and I cried out to them

**محمد الملا محمود** · 28-01-2025, 09:08

الصفات واستخدام المشدد ( المشدد المقصود به الظرف الذي يسبق الصفة أو نسميه modifier أو intensifier = مشدد )
ومعلوم أنه توجد ظروف قوية مثل very , extremely وأخرى أقل شدة أو حدة

الصفات نوعين في اللغة الإنجليزية
1- ( gradable )
هذه الصفات ممكن نضيف إلى نهاياتها er / est مع هذه ممكن نسبقها بظروف قوية مثل : very , extremely , rather والخ
2- ( non-gradable or extreme adjectives )
هذه لا يمكن إضافة er / est الى نهاياتها
فطالما المجموعة الثانية صفات قوية كما مشار له في أعلاه
فمن باب أولى أن لا تسبق بمشددات قوية مثل very بل نستخدم مشددات أضعف مثل absolutely , totally etc
#ملاحظة بعض المشددات يمكن استخدامها قبل كلا النوعين
أسئلة مع حلول

Cross out any incorrect or unlikely alternatives.
1 Her advice was fairly/really invaluable.
2 Our neighbours are really / fairly friendly.
3 I thought his performance as Hamlet was fairly/ really tremendous.
4 The children kept pretty/ very, quiet during the concert.
5 The view from the window was very/pretty wonderful.
6 Their cooperation is pretty/ very essential if we want the project to go ahead.
7 The weather was really/ fairly perfect for a long walk.
8 In this photograph she looked really/very young.
9 The workmanship in the furniture was pretty/ very superb.
10 The disease is fairly/pretty common in this part of the country.

ملاحظات من أكسفورد
very / very much
Very is used with adjectives, past participles used as adjectives, and adverbs:
I am very hungry.
I was very pleased to get your letter.
You played very well.
But notice this use:
I’m very much afraid that your son may be involved in the crime.
Very is not used with past participles that have a passive meaning. Much, very much or greatly (formal) are usually used instead:
Your help was very much appreciated.
He was much loved by everyone.
She was greatly admired.
Very is used to emphasize superlative adjectives:
my very best work
the very youngest children.
However, with comparative adjectives much, very much, a lot, etc. are used:
Your work is very much better.
much younger children
Very is not used with adjectives and adverbs that already have an extreme meaning. You are more likely to use an adverb such as absolutely, completely, etc:
She was absolutely furious.
I’m completely exhausted.
You played really brilliantly.
Very is not used with verbs. Use very much instead:
We enjoyed staying with you very much.

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