ملاحظات عامة في النحو و الترجمة

**محمد الملا محمود** · 08-07-2024, 08:44

موضوع الضمائر أيضا موضوع مهم ورغم بساطته يخطئ الكثيرون في اختيار الضمير المناسب
من يظنه موضوع بسيط أو ساذج لبساطته هو واهم جدا , وبالنسبة لي أعطيه أهمية ..
دعوني أشرح شيئا وأضع بعض الأمثلة وأناقشها :

Who or whom \ pronouns
Choose as chairman (whoever, whomever) you like
= object to the verb like. It also can be an object to the verb "choose" once we choose " him" Not choose He
?can I get to do this for me
(Who, Whom)
object to the verb get " causative"
This is the man (who, whom) we were talking about
object to the preposition ' about'

And here are more examples with explanation
Rule : If you can replace the word with he or she or another subject pronoun, use who. If you can replace it with him or her (or another object pronoun), use whom.
Who or whom
1. The woman (who, whom) was recently elected to the board of directors has been with the company for some years.
who—subject of the clause who was elected
2. The accountant (who, whom) we understand did not wish to be interviewed has been asked to appear at the trial.
who—subject of the clause who did not wish to be interviewed. The we understand is parenthetical
3. (Who, Whom) do you suppose will buy this car?
Who—subject of the clause Who will buy this car
4. (Who, Whom) do you suppose the company will choose?
Whom—object of the verb will choose. The subject of the clause is company.
5. Let me speak to (whoever, whomever) is waiting for the general.
whoever—subject of the clause is waiting for the general
6. Let me speak to (whoever, whomever) the general hopes to convince to join his campaign.
whomever—object of the verb convince
7. (Whoever, Whomever) I think deserves the prize always seems to lose. Whoever—subject of the clause deserves the prize
8. They will give the job to (whoever, whomever) they decide is most likely to support their position.
whoever—subject of the clause is most likely to support their position
9. They will give the job to (whoever, whomever) they decide they can agree with about prices.
whomever—object of the preposition with
10. Do you really care about (who, whom) you choose?
whom—object of the verb choose

**محمد الملا محمود** · 13-07-2024, 04:36

Correct the error of the sentences
3 This is the computer what broke yesterday.
This Is the computer that was broken yesterday.
4 The girl was carried by the woman who had broken her leg.
( who had broken her leg = misplaced modifier – the girl is who her leg was broken not the woman )
The girl who had broken her leg was carried by the woman

جملة 3 استخدام what = غلط وكذلك الفعل المفروض يكون passive وليس active الكومبيوتر لا يكسر نفسه من تلقاء ذاته بل بسبب فاعل
جملة 4 فيها misplaced modifier ليس المرأة رجلها مكسورة بل البنت
تم نقل البنت ذات الرجل المكسورة ( البنت التي كسرت ساقها ) من قبل المرأة
عمدا أو غير عمد لا ندري ؟ وهنا تساؤل , لكن وفق تركيب الجمل الإنجليزية = مستخدمة
طبعا موجود هكذا نمط جمل في الإنجليزية = مقبول ولكن ارتأيت الأفضل في التعديل الأخير

The girl who had broken her leg was carried by the woman. = correct English sentence

تصحيح أفضل :
The girl whose leg was broken was carried by the woman.
The girl whose leg had been broken was carried by the woman.

**محمد الملا محمود** · 15-07-2024, 03:36

موضوع مهم جدا موضوع الضمائر هل هو ضمير فاعل أم مفعول سنلاحظ من خلال الشرح

الموضوع لطلبة الدراسات المتقدمة أو من هم على كفاءة عالية في اللغة

ملاحظة مهمة جدا : التعابير do you think \ do you believe \ do you know لا تؤثر على الضمير وتجعله مفعول بل تعتبر مجرد parenthetical ,ولو أتى الضمير بصيغة ضمير مفعول, التعابير أعلاه لم تجعله مفعول , بل هناك في سياق الجملة ما يجعله كذلك
وهنا تطبيق أبين لكم الطريقة كيف :
In choosing who or whom, ignore parenthetical expressions such as I hope, we think, I believe, they said, and you know.
Edward is the candidate (who/whom) we believe is best.
Isolate: ____ we believe is best
Ignore: ___ [we believe] is best
Substitute: he is best
Equate: who is best
Complete: Edward is the candidate who we believe is best.

who — whoever
1. Subject 2. Predicate nominative
whom — whomever
1. Direct object 2. Indirect object 3. Object of a preposition
Examples:
Who is the candidate of your party? "- (Who is the subject of the sentence and is, therefore, in the subjective case.)
To whom much is given, much is required. (Whom is an object of a preposition and is, therefore, in the objective case.)
The radio station gave free tickets to whoever called first. (Whoever is the subject of the clause whoever called first and is, therefore, in the subjective case, even though it follows a preposition and thus appears to require the objective case. However, the whole clause, not merely the pronoun, is the object of the preposition to. The pronoun must maintain the proper form to serve its function within the clause.)
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with one of the following words and explain the use of the word chosen.
1. who 2. whoever 3. whom 4. whomever
If the pronoun is in a dependent clause, underline the clause and identify it as a noun, adjective, or adverb clause.
Example: The candidate for whom the rally was held is a man of good character.
whom — object of the preposition "for" in an adjective clause
1. Who won the World Series in 1989? = subject of the sentence
2. To whom was credit given for rescheduling the game?
= object of the preposition "to"
3. The commissioner of baseball was who at that time?
= predicate nominative
4. Tickets are often resold to whoever offers the best price.
= subject of a noun clause (clause used as object of the preposition "to")
5. The starting pitchers are the players whom the media gives the most publicity.
= indirect object in an adjective clause (clause modifies "players") 6. The pinch-hitters arewhomever the coaches choose.
= direct object in a noun clause (clause used as predicate nominative of sentence)
7. Do you know who the next batter will be?
= predicate nominative in a noun clause (clause is the direct object of "do know")
8. Rentals for concession stands are leased to whomever the business managers determine to be the best qualified.
= subject of the infinitive phrase "whomever to be best qualified" (The infinitive phrase is the direct object of "determine," which is the verb in the noun clause "the business managers determine whomever to be the best qualified." The noun clause is the object of the preposition "to.")
Remind the student that the subjects of infinitives are in the objective case.
9. Prizes should be given to whoever eats the most popcorn.
= subject of noun clause used as object of the preposition "to"
10. The home team allows whoever the opponent is a small percentage of the tickets for the game.
= predicate nominative in a noun clause (clause is indirect object of "allows")
11. Whom did you call about the score? = direct object of "did call" 12. Who did you say is the most challenging competitor?
= subject of noun clause (clause is direct object of "did say")
13. Whom do you know on our opponent's team?
= direct object of "do know"
14. Do you have a friend whom you trust?
= direct object in an adjective clause (clause modifies "friend")
15. Do you have a friend who trusts you?
= subject of an adjective clause (clause modifies "friend")
Exercise
1. With whom do you enjoy studying?
= object of the preposition "with"
2. Please give whoever answers the call my message.
= subject of a noun clause (clause is indirect object of "give")
3. My parents invite whomever(or whom) I choose for my birthday picnic.
= direct object in a noun clause (clause is direct object of "invite") 4. Who do you think wrote this article?
= subject of noun clause (clause is direct object of "do think")
5. Whom do you believe our country will elect as the next President?
= direct object of "will elect" in a noun clause (clause is direct object of "do believe")
6. Every President whom we people elect has a moral obligation to walk in a manner worthy of the trust. direct object in an adjective clause modifying "President"
7. Who do you hope your new neighbor will be?
= predicate nominative in a noun clause (clause is direct object of "do hope")
8. The college personnel whom I contacted sent me a brochure with information about their school.
= direct object of an adjective clause modifying "personnel"
9. You can give whomever you choose the fruit.
= direct object in a noun clause (clause is indirect object of "can give")
10. Do we always elect whoever is the best qualified?
= subject of a noun clause (clause is direct object of "do elect")
11. You saw whom at the parade? = direct object of "saw"
12. About whom were the reports written?
= object of the preposition "about"
13. Whoever you bring should have an umbrella.
= whoever that you bring ……
subject of the (independent clause of the) sentence
Note that the pronoun subject whoever is modified by an adjective clause with an implied introductory relative pronoun: "[that] you bring."
14. Your favorite candidate was who? = predicate nominative Pop quiz

1. Choose whoever/whomever you prefer.

2. Choose whoever/whomever you think will win.

3. Whoever/whomever is chosen, we must pick wisely.

4. We discussed it with whoever/whomever we figured might be interested.

5. Make sure whoever/whomever you hire turns out to be qualified.

6. Make sure you hire whoever/whomever turns out to be qualified.

answers
1. Choose whomever you prefer. (you prefer him)
2. Choose whoever you think will win. (you think I will win)
3. Whoever is chosen, we must pick wisely. (he is chosen)
4. We discussed it with whoever we figured might be interested. (we figured they might be interested)
5. Make sure whomever you hire turns out to be qualified. (you hire him)
6. Make sure you hire whoever turns out to be qualified. (she turns out to be qualified)

**محمد الملا محمود** · 16-07-2024, 14:37

أعود للموضوع أعلاه وأشرح جملتين بشكل مفصل لأنه بعض الطلاب ادمغتهم قاصرة عن الاستيعاب
ولأقولها بكل وضوح بالعراقية ( عندما يكون موقع الضمير في الجملة الثانوية subordinate clause
مالنا شغل بالجملة الرئيسة

1. Choose whomever / whoever you prefer.
= object of the verb prefer
اختر من تفضله ( مفعول للفعل يُفضل ) وليس للفعل يختار
Two clauses ( main clause + subordinate clause)
We have no issues with the main clause. We concentrate on the subordinate clause.
التركيز على الجملة الثانوية ( التابعة ) وليس على الجملة الرئيسة
= you prefer ( whom) = him
Main clause ------subordinate clause
2. Choose whoever / whomever you think will win.
اختر من تظنه سيربح ( هو يربح = فاعل ) أنت تظنه لا تجعله يصبح مفعول مطلقا
= subject to the verb ( win) = who will win
= he or she will win
Verbs like think, believe don't affect on the result

**محمد الملا محمود** · 18-07-2024, 09:27

حالات استخدام الهايفن hyphen = ( شارحة ) مع الصفات المركبة قبل الأسماء
توجد سبعة حالات معتمدة في أغلب المصادر مع وجود اختلافات بسيطة بين الأميركية والبريطانية لا يسعني المجال لذكرها ومع ذلك لا تعد ذات أهمية
forming compound adjectives
1- اسم + اسم + ( الاسم المركزي noun head ) الأسماء في هذه الحالة تعمل عمل صفات كما في المثال :
video- game industry : صناعة ألعاب الفيديو ( تعتبر صفات قبل الأسم المحوري industry
2- (صفة + اسم) + اسم : High -performance communication
ملاحظة مهمة : لا توضع hyphen قبل الأسم المحوري ( بين آخر صفة والأسم المحوري )
3- (اسم + اسم مفعول )+ اسم : computer -related terms
4- ( اسم + اسم فاعل ) + اسم : filed - emitting materials
5- ( ظرف + اسم مفعول ) + اسم : well-established transportation فيها استثناء مشروح
6- ( عدد + وحدة ) + اسم : مثلا 200 - ( مع الرقم تتغير الكتابة بسبب لغة الموقع كونها بالعربي )
pixel version
7- عبارة + اسم : state -of- the-art green manufacturing plants

There are seven forms of compound adjectives that require hyphenation
All the combinations of compound modifiers listed below act as adjectives before a noun, and it is the hyphen that makes this relationship clear and helps to
avoid ambiguity
1
noun + noun) + noun)
Note how the same compound noun video games is not hyphenated when it occurs alone, but requires a hyphen when it functions as an adjective before
another noun:
image.png
2
adjective + noun \ + noun \
In this example, the communication networks are not high, but rather the performance is high. In order to show that high modifies performance and not the head noun, networks, a hyphen is necessary
image.png
3
noun + past participle \ + noun \

This use of the past participle in modifying a noun allows relative clauses to be compressed and placed before the noun. This ordering also places emphasis on the important word terms, rather than computers which would have resulted if the writer had used the relative clause. However, this strategy cannot be used with all verbs and could, if overused, violate the requirements of "light" before "heavy" elements
image.png
4
noun + present participle\ + noun \
Similar to modification using a past participle, using the present participle to modify a noun allows relative clauses to be compressed and moved to a position before the noun. By doing this, the writer is able to emphasise materials rather than fields

image.png
In the example above, note how the noun fields, which is expressed in the plural (monikko) form in the relative clauses, becomes singular (yksikkö) field when it precedes and modifies the noun materials .
5
adverb + past participle \ + noun \
Once again, a past participle allows the writer to shift elements around in the noun phrase, thus avoiding the use of the more obvious relative clause, which would have meant ending the sentence with a verb.
image.png
The only exception to this rule occurs with or adverb-adjective compound modifiers. Hyphens are generally not used in adverb-adjective compound modifiers, when the adverb ends in -ly because no such confusion is likely to occur.
Pre-modification………….post-modification
A quickly moving manage ……A vehicle that moves quickly
6
Number + unit ) + noun )
Use a hyphen when a number-unit compound comes before a noun, but not when it follows the noun
image.png
Note that whereas the units in the number-unit expression would normally be plural when standing alone, the units must become singular and hyphenated when placed before a noun.
Pre-modification………….post-modification
A four-day week\ a week that lasts only four days
A three-step sequence \ a sequence that consists of 3 steps
7
Phrase + noun
Phrases that pre-modify the noun are typically hyphenated to clarify their function as adjectives.
image.png

**محمد الملا محمود** · 22-10-2024, 13:23

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs
Participle
A participle is a non-finite verb. It is also called a 'verbal adjective', which means that it has characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. A participle most often ends in '-ing' or '-ed'. There are three types of participles
1. Present participle 2. Past participle 3. Perfect participle
Present Participle
The present participle is the 'ing' form of a verb, used as a modifier. e.g. This is an interesting novel
Uses of Present Participle • As adjective e.g.
1. It was a tiring journey. 2. I read an interesting novel.
انها رحلة متعبة -- قرأت رواية ممتعة
The verbs of perception; 'see, hear, feel, smell', and the verbs—'listen' (to), 'notice' and 'watch' can be followed by 'object + present participle'. e.g.
I see her passing through the street daily.
أراها في كل يوم ( بشكل يومي) تعبر الشارع = أرى جزء من لحظة عبورها
ربما أراقبها في لحظة معينة لكن لو كان مصدر = أرى كل الفعالية
( the infinitive can also be used but slight difference in meaning)
I can hear the clock striking.
If one action is immediately followed by another, done by the same subject, the first action can also be denoted by a present participle.
e.g. He opened the cupboard. He took out a file.
Opening the book, he took out a file.
Past Participle
Most of the Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words: walked, eaten, saved, dealt and seen
Uses of Past Participle : As adjective e.g.
1. This is a fried fish. (not frying) the fish can't make sense of frying or brings to someone the action of frying.
هنا صفة ( اسم مفعول ) ليس فيها تأثير ( سمك مقلي ) هذا سمك مقلي
2. I need a boiled egg. أريد بيضا مسلوقا
To form perfect tense e.g.
Ram has arrived. They have completed the work.
In passive structures e.g.
This is the book written by me.
Learn the lessons taught by her.
Perfect Participle
Perfect Participle is made by combining 'having' and past participle. e.g.
Having eaten, Having broken etc.
Uses of Perfect Participle
The perfect participle is used when there is an interval of time between the two actions.
Having failed thrice, she didn't want to apply again.
We use this form when an action was happened earlier than the second and we want to emphasize that action happened first.
بما أنها فشلت ثلاث مرات, لا تود التقديم مرة ثانية ( ربما قدمت أوراق – طلب ) وفشلت في الاختبار
( نلاحظ استخدام هذا النمط من اسم المفعول التام : حدثين أحدهما انتهى بالتمام والكمال قبل الآخر = نفس طريقة الماضي التام )
Having passed his M.A, he enrolled for Ph.D.
Perfect participle is also used when the first action covered a period of time. e.g.
Having been a boxer for six years, he knew where to punch
Formation of adjectives
Adjectives with -ed and -ing endings
1. Adjectives that end with '-ed' describe emotions; they tell us how people feel about something.
I was very bored with the film. I almost fell asleep.
2. Adjectives that end '-ing' describe the thing that causes the emotion.
I found the film so boring that I almost fell asleep.
Read the sentences below.
Here are difference between the two types of adjectives: adjectives ending in -ed and -ing.
a. I was shocked. How shocking the accident was last night!
b. They were frightened. The roller-coaster ride was frightening!
c. Father was really annoyed. How annoying your behaviour was! d. The confusing street signs in the city confused us.
e. I am bored reading these grammar rules all the time.
f. It is so boring. • I am tired now.
g. The long journey by train was tiring.
h. Public toilets are usually disgusting.
i. I am disgusted by the smell in some of them.
j. Your speech was very inspiring.
k. Youngsters are inspired by it. ( past participle / passive)
Exercise + solution
Choose the correct adjective ed, or ing.
1. I didn't enjoy the party. It was very……( bored/ boring)
2. The ghost story was very ……(frightened / frightening)
3. I was….. (shocked/ shocking) by what she told me.
4. The children were over- (excited/ exiting) and noisy.
5. Your holiday in
South America sounds very …(excited/ exiting)
6. I was ….(embarrassing / embarrassed) when they asked me to sing.
7. It was very….. (depressed/ depressing) to hear about your problems.
8. I thought the story was very……. (confused/ confusing)
9. I was very tired so I went to bed.
10. I went home early because the party was boring.

**محمد الملا محمود** · 30-10-2024, 06:57

بعض المصطلحات مع حرف الحاء ( عربي - إنجليزي )

To hold one's breath = حَبَسَ الْأَنْفَاسَ
Solitary confinement = حَبْسٌ إِنْفِرَادِيٌّ
= Train of thought حَبْلُ الْأَفْكَارِ
Hangman's rope = حَبْلُ المَشْنَقَة
Dregs= حُثَالَةٌ
Woman's veil= حِجَابُ الْمَرْأَةِ
Blocking a website = حجب صفحة أو موقع
No-confidence vote = حَجْبُ الثَّقَة
A weak argument = حجة باردة \ ضعيفة تفتقد إلى الدلائل
Irrefutable evidence = حجة دامغة
False evidence = حجة كاذبة \ دليل كاذب
Lame excuse; false pretence = حجة واهية
Cornerstone = حجر الزاوية
Stumbling block = حجر عثرة
Detention of offenders = حجز المجرمين
Arbitrary detention = حجز دون مبرر
To curb : He tried to curb his temper = restrain= يحجم دور ( يُعيق )
To curb spending = تحجيم الإنفاق ( ترشيق )
Volume of imports = حجم الواردات

**محمد الملا محمود** · 07-11-2024, 15:04

موضوع ترتيب الصفات في اللغة الإنجليزية
الموضوع رغم بساطته يخطئ فيه الكثيرون حتى بين المستويات العليا
الصعوبة تكمن بعض الصفات تندرج تحت ما نسميه physical quality مثل ( thin , rough, untidy) هذه البعض يتوهم بها ويضعها ضمن تسلسل صفات الشكل shape تابع الأمثلة مع الشرح :

القاعدة الصحيحة 1- opinion مثلا beautiful / smart ,و 2- الحجم size مثلا big / large / small و 3 الشكل shape مثلا round \ flat \ straight l مربع , دائري , حلقي مستطيل والخ
و 4 العمر شاب , كبير old , young , new و 5 صفات اللون : أحمر , أزرق , أبيض والخ red , blue , white , brown و 6 صفات المنشأ origin ألماني , عراقي , مصري Egyptian , German, Swiss والخ و 7 صفات المادة material من أي شيء مصنوع ( خشبي , حديدي , ورقي والخ ) و 8 النوعية : مثلا general-purpose, four-sided, U-shaped, electric, two-sided, pick-up و 9 صفات الغرض ( لماذا يستخدم أو ما مجال استخدام ذلك الشيء مثلا : cooking , sports , education , welding والخ
تبقى الصفات التي ذكرتها في البداية ( هي قليلة على الأغلب ) مجموعة physical quality أو تسمية أخرى condition / state هذه تضعها بين الحجم والشكل
ادرجت امثلة كثيرة تحت مع شرح

Which Sentence is Correct?
(A) The Smart Small Greek Computer
= opinion --- size --- origin = correct
(B) The Large Brown Skinny Tree X
(C) The Young Chinese Tall Student X
(D) The Pink Tall Plastic Elephant X
الجواب :
خيار b ترتيب الصفات ليس صحيح المفروض Skinny تكون قبل large في بعض المصادر لكونهم يعتبرونها physical quality يضعونها قبل صفة اللون ( بين الحجم واللون ) وهو الأصوب
خيار c أيضا غلط الصفة tall موقعها الصحيح قبل young
خيار d أيضا غلط , الصفة tall يجب أن تكون قبل صفة اللون pink

Opinion Size Shape Age Color Nationality/Origin Material Purpose
X ----- big----round X --- X ---- X ------- gold --- X
a round/gold/big brooch
answer = A big round gold brooch

adjectives order rule
1
opinion : unusual, lovely , beautiful
2. size 3. physical quality ( thin , rough, untidy) 4. shape
5. age 6. color 7. origin 8. material
9. type : four-sided , general-purpose, U-shape
10. purpose : cleaning, cooking , hammering

All the following exercises are answered by me
arrange the following adjectives in order
1. a/an village (old, English, small, beautiful)
= a beautiful small old English village
2. a/an bracelet (diamond/beautiful/invaluable)
= an invaluable beautiful diamond bracelet
3. a/an pajamas (nylon/pink/ long)
= a long pink nylon pajamas
4. a/an statue (seventeenth century/Scottish/small/fragile)
= a small, fragile seventeenth century Scottish statue
5. a/an motorcycle (British, large, old)
= a large old British motorcycle
6. a/an wallet (old/plastic/ugly/brown)
= an ugly old brown plastic wallet.
-----
Put the adjectives in the correct order in these sentences.
1. Pinaki ate generous two slices of apple pie.
two generous slices of apple pie.
2. My ginger and grey tortoiseshell first fat cat is named Tabby.
My first, fat, ginger and grey, tortoiseshell cat is named Tabby
3. Noor brought home a white adorable little pup.
Noor brought home an adorable, little white pup
4. We heard that the American new exciting band is in town.
We heard that the exciting, new American band is in town.
5. That purple tiny pretty gem is my favourite.
That pretty, tiny, purple gem is my favourite.

Put the adjectives in the correct order
1. Mr. Tan has a (noisy, tiny, long-tailed, Pekinese) dog.
Mr. Tan has a noisy , long-tailed , tiny Pekinese dog.
2. The (Alaskan, bright, loving) penguins are an absolute delight.
The bright, loving, Alaskan penguins are an absolute delight
3. My cousin bought us a (reclining, leather, brown, Moroccan) chair.
My cousin bought us a reclining , brown, leather Moroccan chair.
4. She found (old, several, reddish-brown, paper) files in the cabinet.
She found several old, reddish-brown paper files in the cabinet.
5. I found my (two-year-old, reading, tinted] glasses under the table.
I found my two-year-old, tinted reading glasses under the table.
6. The (African, noisy, two, young) children thrilled the people at the party.
The two, noisy, young African children thrilled the people at the party.

Put the adjectives in the correct order.
1. a Japanese/little/pretty/girl = A pretty little Japanese girl.
2. a(n) wedding/expensive/silk/white/dress
A wedding expensive white silk dress.
3. a(n) pair of leather/black/walking/old/shoes
A pair of walking old black leather shoes.
4. a(n) English/ancient/famous/monument
A famous ancient English monument.
5. a detective/new/fascinating/French/film
A detective fascinating new French film.
6. a red/lovely/marble/chess set
A lovely red marble chess set.
7. a dessert/crystal/lovely/bowl
A lovely dessert crystal bowl
adjective order exercise
1. He's a ________ doctor.
young charming / charming young
2. I plan on wearing my ________ coat.
long black \ black long
3. This is a ________ painting from the 18th century.
French well-known \ well-known French
4. She was wearing a ________ dress.
green beautiful / beautiful green
5. The ________ bird! I'm going to help it!
poor little/ little poor
6. She prepared a ________ dinner for us.
Mexican wonderful/ wonderful Mexican
7.
Nagoya is an example of a ________ city.
modern Japanese / Japanese modern

**محمد الملا محمود** · 05-01-2025, 06:47

أدب \ تعابير
كنت أقرأ أحد كتب الريحاني فوجدت ما يناسب التعابير باللغة الإنجليزية

الفيلسوف الفصيح eloquent philosopher :
الأمنية القصوى the utmost hope
من غير who other than :
بيد أنني I, however
إذ ذاك then , at that time
افسدت على ... عمله thwarted its action :
فبت أرعى النجوم so I spent the night watching the stars:
(lit. shepherding the stars)
كما يقول الشاعر As the poet says :
يا معلمي O my master :
كل ما به all his woes, lit : all that is in him :
فهلا تشبهت so why have I not likened myself :
كيفية استخدام مفردة : هلا
لا استطيع وضعها بين القوسين لأنه حالما أضعها تقفز إلى مكان آخر

The particle( ) when followed by an imperfect verb signifies an urging for an action, and when followed by a perfect verb, as here, signifies a remonstrance for the neglect of an action.
فرفعت يد الدائن and dispossessed the creditor, lit. “raised the hand of the creditor
بمريم العذراء by the Virgin Mary :
بحياة الله (التعبير لا يستخدم من قبل المسلمين )by the life of God :
وحق جميع القديسيين By the truth of all saints :
فصحت بهما and I cried out to them

**محمد الملا محمود** · 28-01-2025, 09:08

الصفات واستخدام المشدد ( المشدد المقصود به الظرف الذي يسبق الصفة أو نسميه modifier أو intensifier = مشدد )
ومعلوم أنه توجد ظروف قوية مثل very , extremely وأخرى أقل شدة أو حدة

الصفات نوعين في اللغة الإنجليزية
1- ( gradable )
هذه الصفات ممكن نضيف إلى نهاياتها er / est مع هذه ممكن نسبقها بظروف قوية مثل : very , extremely , rather والخ
2- ( non-gradable or extreme adjectives )
هذه لا يمكن إضافة er / est الى نهاياتها
فطالما المجموعة الثانية صفات قوية كما مشار له في أعلاه
فمن باب أولى أن لا تسبق بمشددات قوية مثل very بل نستخدم مشددات أضعف مثل absolutely , totally etc
#ملاحظة بعض المشددات يمكن استخدامها قبل كلا النوعين
أسئلة مع حلول

Cross out any incorrect or unlikely alternatives.
1 Her advice was fairly/really invaluable.
2 Our neighbours are really / fairly friendly.
3 I thought his performance as Hamlet was fairly/ really tremendous.
4 The children kept pretty/ very, quiet during the concert.
5 The view from the window was very/pretty wonderful.
6 Their cooperation is pretty/ very essential if we want the project to go ahead.
7 The weather was really/ fairly perfect for a long walk.
8 In this photograph she looked really/very young.
9 The workmanship in the furniture was pretty/ very superb.
10 The disease is fairly/pretty common in this part of the country.

ملاحظات من أكسفورد
very / very much
Very is used with adjectives, past participles used as adjectives, and adverbs:
I am very hungry.
I was very pleased to get your letter.
You played very well.
But notice this use:
I’m very much afraid that your son may be involved in the crime.
Very is not used with past participles that have a passive meaning. Much, very much or greatly (formal) are usually used instead:
Your help was very much appreciated.
He was much loved by everyone.
She was greatly admired.
Very is used to emphasize superlative adjectives:
my very best work
the very youngest children.
However, with comparative adjectives much, very much, a lot, etc. are used:
Your work is very much better.
much younger children
Very is not used with adjectives and adverbs that already have an extreme meaning. You are more likely to use an adverb such as absolutely, completely, etc:
She was absolutely furious.
I’m completely exhausted.
You played really brilliantly.
Very is not used with verbs. Use very much instead:
We enjoyed staying with you very much.

**محمد الملا محمود** · يوم أمس, 13:19

أوراقي القديمة
تمارين كنت قد اعطيتها للطلاب في سنوات سابقة
أجتزأ منها تمارين الصيغ Verb and tenses
=== ==

Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.
1.Where have you been ? ….( you/play ) tennis ?
2. Look ! Somebody …..( break ) that window.
3. You look tired. …..( you/work ) hard ?
4. ' …..( you/ever/work ) in a factory ?' 'No, never.'
5. 'Jane is away on holiday.' 'Oh, is she ? Where …( she/go ) ?
6. My brother is an actor. He ….( appear ) in several films.
7. 'Sorry I'm late.' 'That's all right. I ….( not/wait ) long.'
8. 'Is it still raining ?' 'No, it ….( stop ).'
9. I …..( lose ) my address book. …..( you/see ) it anywhere ?
10. I ….( read ) the book you lent me but I ….( not/finish ) it yet.
11. I …..( read ) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.

Answers 1. Have you been playing
2. has broken
3. Have you been working
4. Have you ever worked
5. has she gone 6. has appeared
7. haven't been waiting
8. has stopped
9. have lost ... Have you seen
10. have been reading ... haven't finished
11. have read
Complete the sentences with one of the words or expressions in the box.
must, should, had to, hope to, want to
1.It is Anna's birthday next week, I think we ______ take her out for dinner.
2. The grass is wet. It ______ have rained last night.
3. Your leg looks bad. You ______ see a doctor soon.
4. When I graduate, I ______ do a post-graduate degree.
5. The Leongs ______ put their dog to sleep because it had kidney failure.
6. You look just like Kheng. You ______ be his brother.
7. We ______ save some money if we want to go to
Europe next year.
8. If you ______ make Sandra happy, buy her a pair of good jogging shoes.
9. This spaghetti is really delicious. You ______ invite us for meals more often.
10. I ______ finish this essay tonight. I have to hand it in tomorrow.

Answers 1. should 2. must 3. should 4. hope to 5. had to 6. must 7. should 8. want to 9. must 10. hope to / must

Are the underlined verbs right or wrong ? Correct them if they are wrong.
1.Bob is a friend of mine. I know him very well.
2. Bob is a friend of mine. I know him for a long time.
3. Sue and Alan are married since July.
4. The weather is awful. It's raining again.
5. The weather is awful. It's raining all day.
6. I like your house. How long are you living there ?
7. Graham is working in a shop for the last few months.
8. I'm going to
Paris tomorrow. I'm staying there until next Friday. 9. 'Do you still smoke ?
' 'No, I gave it up. I don't smoke for years.'
10. That's a very old bicycle. How long do you have it ?
Answers
1- Right
2. Wrong : I've known him
3. Wrong : have been married
4. Right
5. Wrong : has been raining
6. Wrong : have you been living
7. Wrong : has been working
8. Right
9. Wrong : haven't smoked
10. Wrong : have you had it
Put in the verb into the correct form.
1.I didn't know you were in hospital. If ….( I/know ), …( I/go ) to visit you.
2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If ….( he/miss ) it, ….( he/be ) late for his interview.
3. It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday. …………
( I/forget ) if ….( you/not/remind ) me.
4. Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in
New York. If ….( I/have ) your address, ….( I/send ) you a postcard.
5. A : How was your birthday ? Did you have a nice time ?
B : It was OK, but …..( we/enjoy ) it more if ….( the weather /be ) better.
6. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. …..( it/be ) quicker if …..( I/walk ).
7. I'm not tired. If …..( I/be ) tired, I'd go home now.
8. I wasn't tired last night. If ….( I/be ) tired, I would have gone home earlier.
Answers 1. I'd known ... I would have gone
2. he'd missed ... he would have been
3. I 'd have forgotten ... you hadn't reminded
4. I'd had ... I'd have sent
5. we'd have enjoyed ... the weather had been
6. It would have been --- I'd walked
7. I was / I were
8. I'd been tired

Hypothetical structure
When you imagine a situation like this, you use if + past (if I knew / if you were / if we didn't etc.). But the meaning is present, not past:

• Tom would read more if he had more time, (but he doesn't have much time)
• If I didn't want to go to the party, I wouldn't go. (but I want to go)
• We wouldn't have any money if we didn't work, (but we work)
• If you were in my position, what would you do?
• It's a pity you can't drive. It would be useful if you could.

We use the past in the same way after wish (I wish I knew / I wish you were etc.). We use wish to say that we regret something that something is not as we would like it to be:

• I wish I knew Paul's phone number. (= I don't know it and I regret this)
• Do you ever wish you could fly? (You can't fly)
• It rains a lot here. I wish it didn't rain so often.
• It's very crowded here. I wish there weren't so many people, (but there are a lot of people)
• I wish I didn't have to work, (but I have to work)

After if and wish, you can use were instead of was (if I were / I wish it were etc.). So you can say:
• If I were you, I wouldn't buy that coat, or If I was you...
• I'd go out if it weren't raining. or ...if it wasn't raining.
• I wish it were possible. or I wish it was possible.

We do not normally use would in the if-part of the sentence or after wish:
• If I were rich, I would have a yacht, (not 'If I would be rich')
• I wish I had something to read, (not 'I wish I would have')
Sometimes wish...would is possible ('I wish you would listen').

Note that could sometimes means 'would be able to' and sometimes 'was/were able to':
• You could get a job more easily ==>(you could get = you would be able to get)
if you could speak a foreign language. ==> (you could speak = you were able to speak)

1. If I knew his number, I would phone him. (know)
2. I would not buy that coat if I were you. (not/buy)
3. I would help you if I could, but I'm afraid I can't, (help)
4. We would need a car if we lived in the country, (live)
5. If we had the choice, we would live in the country, (live)
6. This soup isn't very good. It would taste better if it wasn't so salty, (taste)
7. I wouldn't mind living in
England if the weather were better, (be)
8. If I were you, I would not wait (not/wait). I would go now.
9. You're always tired. If you did not go (not /go) to bed so late every night, you would feel better.
10. I think there are too many cars. If there were not so many cars, there would not be so much pollution, (not/be)

**محمد الملا محمود** · يوم أمس, 13:23

10 Confusing Homonyms: Part I [infographic]

The Homonym Phenomenon!
Words that sound similar or are written the same but with different meanings are a notorious stumbling block for those learning English as a second language. In truth, native speakers have their share of trouble with them, too. Ten examples of homonyms and homophones and the accompanying infographic will clarify some of these frustrating words.

What are Homonyms?
Homophones and homonyms are two types of words that are regularly confused with each other. There is a general tendency to pile all similar or same-sounding words under the heading of “homonym,” but this is incorrect. Homonyms are words with different meanings that have the same pronunciation and spelling; the word “blue,” for instance, can refer to either a color or a state of sadness. Homophones have different spellings and different meanings but have the same pronunciation, such as in the following examples.
All Together and Altogether
All at once or all in one place: “The family is usually all together at Mom’s house on Sunday.”
Completely or entirely: “Your brother is altogether insane.”
Appraise and Apprise
An estimation of financial value: “The Smith family had their home appraised last year.”
To advise or inform: “We need to apprise Fred of the situation.”
Council and Counsel
A body of advisors or managers: “I am a member of the Council of Semi-Important Persons.”
To advise: “Gina counseled the employees to be patient.”
Duel and Dual
A contest or fight between two people: “The knights drew their swords and began to duel.”
Comprised of two parts: “The dual purpose of a security guard is prevention and protection.”
Envelope and Envelop
A paper container used for mailing: “She licked the flap of the envelope and closed it.”
To surround or wrap: “The fog began to envelop the campground.”
Foreword and Forward
A book’s introduction: “In the foreword, the writer mentions his wife and children.”
Ahead or onward: “Always look forward when moving forward, or you may trip.”
Loose and Lose
Free or not tight: “The screw on the lamp is loose.”
Failing to retain possession of something: “I have several scarves in case I lose one.”
Peddle and Pedal
To sell something: “My brother peddles vacuums on the weekends for extra money.”
A lever operated with the feet: “She was going too fast, and one foot fell off its pedal.”
Stationary and Stationery
Unmoving or in a fixed position: “I did five miles on the stationary bike at the gym.”
Paper for writing: “The note was written on the hotel’s pink stationery.”
Wreath and Wreathe
A circular decoration: “There was a Christmas wreath of evergreens on every door.”
To encircle or envelop: “Warning scientists of a coming eruption, smoke began to wreathe the volcano.”
As previously stated, homonyms are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings. Homographs, on the other hand, are written the same but have different meanings and different pronunciations.

**محمد الملا محمود** · يوم أمس, 14:10

Verbs pattern and structure
كلها من جهودي الشخصية أي الحلول من قبلي . أدرجت ملاحظات بين السطور
Verbs with infinitives, gerunds (verb-ing), and that-clauses

Meaning and use :

With some verbs, especially those that explain, report or warn, after the main verb, you can sometimes use that, sometimes a gerund (verb-ing form), other times an infinitive (with to), and other times, either a gerund or an infinitive. Sentences that make promises, warnings, offers, suggestions or recommendations use these verb structures.
My teacher advised us to study two hours a day. (advise + infinitive) ( V + O + to infinitive)
The bookstore recommendedbuying an English-English dictionary. (recommend + verb-ing)
Judith promisesto attend the school concert. (promise + infinitive)
Toby told me that he was going to
France on holiday.
(tell + that + independent clause)
In addition, some of these verbs need an object, usually a person or people.
The police warned us not to enter the building.
The speaker invited the audience to ask questions.
The best way to learn which of these verbs take ‘that’, infinitives, gerunds, or both, is to notice them when you read, or to use grammar references. Here is a list of some of the most common patterns. Remember that an independent clause has a subject and a verb.
discuss
discuss + gerund
The band discussed playing at the new pub.
explain
explain + that + independent clause
The reporter explained that the storm may cause flooding.
invite
invite + someone + to-infinitive
My cousin invited me to go to a movie.
offer
offer + to-infinitive
The bank offered to give the clerk his own desk.
suggest
1) suggest + gerund
Jason suggested seeing Romeo and Juliet this weekend.
2) suggest + that + independent clause
May I suggest that you not buy a new car this year?
recommend
1) recommend + gerund
My doctor recommends eating fresh fruit every day.
2) recommend + that + independent clause
We recommend that you buy your tickets early.
ask
1) ask + to-infinitive
I asked to attend the meeting.
2) ask + someone + to-infinitive

Sharonasked her manager to change her hours.
3) ask + that + independent clause
Annie asked that we phone her after nine in the morning.
propose
1) propose + to-infinitive
The president proposed to study the idea.
2) propose + that + independent clause
Do you propose that we end this program?
tell
1) tell + someone + to-infinitive
My grandfather told us not to argue.
2) tell + that + independent clause
My friends told me that I could join them at the pub.
warn
1) warn + someone + to-infinitive
The firefighter warned the man not to go near the fire.
2) warn + that + independent clause
We are often warned that cigarettes are bad for our health.
promise
1) promise + someone + to-infinitive
I promised my father to do my best always.
2) promise + infinitive
Mark has promised to take his grandson to a football game.
3) promise + that
We promise that we will finish in time.
advise
1) advise + someone + to-infinitive
Mr. Brown advised her to take the geometry course.
2) advise + gerund
The scientist advised performing another experiment.
3) advise + that + independent clause
The doctor advised that we get a flu shot every year.
Form

You can notice from the table that discuss, explain, invite and offer each can be combined with only one verb form, either an infinitive, gerund, or that + independent clause. Advise, ask, and promise can be combined with three options. The rest of these verbs can be combined with two different choices. Here is a chart showing these choices.
Negative
When using negative forms with the infinitive, not goes before the to part of the verb.
We were warned not to miss the last train of the evening.
For negatives with gerunds or that + independent clauses, the not goes before the gerund or infinitive part of the phrase.
My coach recommendsnot eating before practice.
The taxi driver asked that we not smoke in the taxi.
Question
Did the manager suggest selling the new product at the market?
When did Maurice promise to telephone in the morning?
Take note: prepositions
Be careful not to confuse the to used in an infinitive with the preposition to.
We proposeto finish by December. (propose to = intend to)
Stephen proposed to Nora over dinner. (propose to = ask to marry)
Dr Jacobson invited his students to hear a special lecture. (invite someone to hear = ask someone to listen)
We would like to invite you to a party on Saturday. (invite someone to = ask someone to come)
===
choose or apply the correct form of the verb

1. When Carol (call) called last night, I (watch) was watching my favorite show on television.

2. I (work) have been working for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I retire!
3.
Sharon (love) loves to travel. She (go) goes abroad almost every summer. Next year, she plans to go to
Peru.
4. Thomas is an author. He (write) writes mystery novels and travel memoirs. He (write) has been writing since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he (write) has written seven novels, three collections of short stories and a book of poetry.
5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get) got to the train station, Susan (wait) had been waiting for us for more than two hours.
6. Sam (try) was trying to change a light bulb when he (slip) slipped and (fall) fell.
7. Everyday I (wake) wake up at 6 o'clock, (eat) eat breakfast at 7 o'clock and (leave) leave for work at 8 o'clock. However, this morning I (get) got up at 6:30, (skip) skipped breakfast and (leave) left for work late because I (forget) had forgotten to set my alarm.
8. Right now, Jim (read) is reading the newspaper and Kathy (make) is making dinner. Last night at this time, they (do) were doing the same thing. She (cook) was cooking and he (read) was reading the newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) will also be doing the same thing. She (prepare) will be preparing dinner and he (read) will be reading. They are very predictable people!
9. By this time next summer, you (complete) will have completed your studies and (find) will have found a job. I, on the other hand, (accomplish, not) will not have accomplished anything. I (study, still) will still be studying and you (work) will be working in some new high paying job.
10. The students (be, usually) are usually taught by Mrs. Monty. However, this week they (teach) are being taught by Mr. Tanzer.
===
The phrasal verb get
قدمت شرح بسيط بين السطور فقط لغرض فهم المعنى حسب النص

I think Ben got out of bed on the wrong side this morning.
Idiom = act unpleasant due to the bad of the day
المعنى : ( ليست على ما يرام )
2. We're planning a little get-together of people from the office.
3. The manager began the meeting with a few comments and then got down to brass tacks.
Idiom = come to the point \ get to the basic
4. Jan and Richard get on like a house on fire.
Idiom = have a friendly relationship.
5. Rory and Jeannie are getting married? Get away with you!
6. You'll get the sack if you talk to the boss like that.
Idiom = be fired of a job يُطرد من الوظيفة
7. That humming noise is really getting on my nerves. = enter
ذلك الطنين ( تلك الهمسات الصوتية ) أصبح بالفعل يضايق أعصابي ( يزعجني \ يقلقني )
8. He's got a nerve to ask for a day off. ( nervous)
متوتر : أصبح متوترا نتيجة إرهاصات العمل وبدأ يسأل عن يوم استراحة من العمل.
9. I rang the shops to try and find a new dishwasher, but got nowhere. Get nowhere = fail to progress or succeed
اتصلت بالأسواق وحاولت إيجاد غسالة أواني لكنني لم أعثر على ما أريد.
10. When she asked him for money, he told her to get lost.
عندما طالبته أن يعطيها بعض النقود : قال لها : أغربي عن وجهي
11. OK everyone, we're a bit late so let's get going.
حسنا أيها الجمع : نحن متأخرين , علينا المواصلة \ المضي قدما
12. Got it! وجدتها \ فهمتها
13. Do you think he got my meaning?
هل تظن أنه فهمني ( فهم ما أريده ! )
14. Get a grip on yourself - you've got an interview in half an hour.
تماسك \ أربط جأشك ( لديك لقاء صحفي في غضون نصف ساعة )
15.The president is having to get to grips with the failing economy.
Idiom = engage in combat with
يصارع \ يكافح \ الرئيس يصارع في إيجاد مخرج من الفشل الاقتصادي
16. If they don't get their act together, they'll miss the last date for entries to the competition.
إذا لم يتعاونوا ويعملون كفريق واحد سيفقدون الموعد النهائي في المشاركة في المنافسة.
17. How can I get him off my back?
كيف يمكنني التخلص منه \ التخلص من مضايقاته ؟
18. If I don't get a rise soon, I'll start looking for another job.
فيما لو بقيت هكذا دون الحصول على زيادة في الأجور سأفكر في الشروع بوظيفة أخرى
19. I've got out of the habit of eating chocolates.
تمكنت من التخلص من عادة تناول الحلوى.
20. Rainy weather always gets me down.
Get someone down = sadden
الطقس الممطر يحزنني \ يشعرني بالكآبة \ يشعرنني بالملل

1. You look really great! (you, work) Have you been working out at the fitness center recently?
2. A: What (you, do) were you doing when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) was trying to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
3. I (have) have had the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one.
4. If it (snow) snows this weekend, we (go) are going to go skiing near
Lake Tahoe.
5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries?
B: They (call) are called librarians.
6. I came to
England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) will have been studying for nine months and I (be) will have been in
England for exactly one year.
7. Sam (arrive) arrived in
San Diego a week ago.
8. Samantha (live) lived in
Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) was living there when the
Berlin wall came down.
9. If Vera (keep) keeps drinking, she (lose, eventually) will eventually lose her job.
10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) had virtually disappeared by the time Europeans first (arrive) arrived in the
New World.
11. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) is sleeping.
12. It (rain) has been raining all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go to the beach.
13. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) missed the bus this morning. You (be) have been late to work too many times. You are fired!
14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) wake up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) will be shining.
15. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit) will have visited the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the
United States.
16. I (see) had seen many pictures of the pyramids before I went to
Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) has become much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) took two or three months to cross
North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) was very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) have changed a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to
Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
18. Joseph's English (improve, really) is really improving, isn't it? He (watch) has been watching American television programs and (study) studying his grammar every day since he first arrived in
San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent.
19. When I (arrive) arrived home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) had prepared a beautiful candlelight dinner.
20. If you (need) need to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) will be staying at the Sheraton in
San Francisco.

Present and Past Tenses
and Non-Continuous Verbs

1.
a. Look, I (have) have two tickets for the circus.
b. Look, I (hold) am holding two tickets for the circus.
2.
a. We (be) had been there for more than half an hour by the time the show began.
b. We (wait) had been waiting there for more than half an hour by the time the show began.
3.
a. Sam (sit) was sitting in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water at me.
b. Sam (be) was in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water at me.
4.
a. One clown was juggling while he (balance) was balancing a glass of wine on his head.
b. One clown was juggling while he (have) had a glass of wine on his head.
5.
a. I (love) have loved the circus ever since I was a child.
b. I (go) have been going to the circus ever since I was a child.
6.
a. Right now, I (see) see two elephants doing tricks in the ring.
b. Right now, I (look) am looking at two elephants doing tricks in the ring.

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela called. She said she was calling me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she was waiting for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she was talking to me. I couldn't believe she was making a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students were actually sleeping in class. Some of the students were talking about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her was drawing a picture of a horse. When Angela told me she was not satisfied with the class, I mentioned that my biology professor was quite good and suggested that she switch to my class.

While we were talking, I heard her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I hung up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I was cutting vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It was Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
Simple Past and Past Continuous

1. A: What (you, do) were you doing when the accident occurred? B: I (try) was trying to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
2. After I (find) found the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately) immediately went to the police and (turn) turned it in.
3. The doctor (say) said that Tom (be) was too sick to go to work and that he (need) needed to stay at home for a couple of days.
4. Sebastian (arrive) arrived at Susan's house a little before 9:00 pm, but she (be, not) was not there. She (study, at the library) was at the library studying for her final examination in French.
5.
Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also) was also watching television. That's all she ever does!
6. A: I (call) called you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) were not there. Where were you? B: I (work) was working out at the fitness center.
7. When I (walk) walked into the busy office, the secretary (talk) was talking on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily) were busily working at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly) were quietly discussing methods to improve customer service.
8. I (watch) was watching a mystery movie on T.V. when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends.
9.
Sharon (be) was in the room when John (tell) told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything because she (listen, not) was not listening.
10. It's strange that you (call) called because I (think, just) was just thinking about you.
11. The Titanic (cross) was crossing the
Atlantic when it (strike) struck an iceberg.
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) were busily bargaining and (try) trying (same subject so you do not need to repeat "were") to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) were hunting for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) were leading their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) were arguing over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) walked over to a man who (sell) was selling fruit and (buy) bought a banana.
13. The firemen (rescue) rescued the old woman who (be) was trapped on the third floor of the burning building.
14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) was always leaving (negative repetition in the past) her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect, actually) actually expected me to do them for her.
15. Samantha (live) lived in
Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) was living there when the
Berlin wall came down.
======
Inversion
1. He was so excited that he could hardly sleep.

So excited was he that he could hardly sleep.
2. His experience was such that he knew what to do immediately.

Such was his experience that he knew what to do immediately
3. She performed it so well that many said that it was perfect.

So well did she perform it that many said it was perfect
4. He became so angry that he stormed out of the room.

So angry did he become that he stormed out of the room
5. The situation was such that the smallest incident could have started a riot.

Such was the situation that the smallest incident could have started a riot
6. He had been working so hard that he had hardly seen his family.

So hard had he been working that he had hardly seen his family.

4 Complete the inverted conditional sentences in a natural way.
1 Should we work \ have worked together, we have a back-up plan.
2 Had not they called \ consulted us, they would have been eliminated from the competition.
3 Should you get off the bus, please make your way to the nearest exit as quickly as possible.
4 Were Shakespeare still alive, he would be a multi-millionaire.
5 Had he quite listened, I'm sure he would have heard the noise of the burglar breaking the window.
6 Were he offering us better discount, I would certainly accept.

3 Complete the conversations. Use one word in each space.
1 A: Did you get caught in the rain?
B: No. If I got caught, I'd be soaking wet.
2 A: Do you need any help?
B: I don't think so, but if I need help , I'll let you know.
3 A: Do you own this house?
B: You're joking. If I had owned , I'd be a rich woman.
4 A: Is that your car?
B: No. If it was mine, I'd give you a lift home. I'm taking the bus, I'm afraid.
5 A: Are you taking a day off next week?
B: I hope so. If I need a day off, I'll take one the following week.
Conditionals

1 If you didn't have to work ever again, what would you do with your life? OR the present form
2 I accepted the job in the end, because I was worried that if I refused (refuse) it, it would (affect) my career prospects at some later date. OR had refused \ would have affected
3 If there is (be) any fresh brown bread in the shop, will you get (you / get) me some, please? (can \ could )
4 I changed all my Euros back into US dollars just before the value of the Euro fell I would have lost (lose) a lot of money if I had delayed (delay) changing it.
5 If he wasn't \ weren't not / be) such a stubborn person, people would\ might ( find) him such easier to deal with.

1. "Had I not fallen asleep before the end of the movie, I'd have found out who killed the Minister."
This sentence can be rewritten as:

If I didn't fall asleep before the end of the movie, I will find out who killed the Minister.
If I hadn't fallen asleep before the end of the movie, I'd have found out who killed the Minister.
If I'd known who killed the Minister, I would not have fallen asleep near the end of the movie.
I know who killed the Minister. It was the butler.

"Had I known" = If I had known. This is a formalized past unreal conditional.
2. Complete the following sentence:
You do not have to say anything to the police, nor_______________

are you required to sign any documents.
you are required to sign any documents.
you have to sign anything.

After the conjunction 'nor', follow with an inversion.
3. Not only _____________ pass the test, but he got the highest mark in the class!
Joe did Joe didn't \ didn't Joe \ did Joe
After "Not only", use inversion.
4. What is the subject of the following sentence?
"Here comes Michael."
Here \ comes \ Michael
5. Which of the following sentences uses inversion to express disbelief, shock, or strong emotion?

He is a such a man!
Man, is he brave! \ He is a brave man. \ Is he brave?

6. "More important than your application will be your interview."
What does this sentence mean?

Your application will be more important than your interview.
Your interview will be more important than your application.
More importantly, your application will then be your interview.

7. Under no circumstances _________ reach your hand out of the bus.
you can \ you shouldn't \ should you \ shoulder you
8. "Should you need some advice, call me."
This sentence can be rewritten as:

Call me if you need some advice. \ If you call me, I'll advise you. should you call me for advice? \ Take my advice, call me.

9. Not only __________ watch the lesson, but you did the quiz as well!

you did \ you don't \ did you \ have you

هذا قمت بحله أونلاين
1 If John was here, he would know dataurl773302.png (know) what to do.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use past in the if clause (was) and would + infinitive in the main clause ('d know).
2I wouldn't work here if I didn't enjoy dataurl773305.png (not enjoy) my job.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use would + infinitive in the main clause and past in the if clause.
3It's too bad that you don't speak French. If you spoke dataurl773306.png (speak) French, you would get dataurl773308.png (get) the job at the hotel.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use past in the if clause (spoke) and would + infinitive in the main clause ('d get).
4If he knew dataurl773310.png (know) the truth, he would kill dataurl773311.png (kill) you.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use past in the if clause (knew) and would + infinitive in the main clause ('d kill).
5Where would you travel if you were dataurl773312.png (be) rich?
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use would + infinitive in the main clause (would you travel) and past in the if clause (were).
6I'm sorry, I can't go out. I'd go out if I didn't have dataurl773315.png (not have) this terrible headache.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use would + infinitive in the main clause ('d go) and past in the if clause (didn't have).
7I wouldn't have dataurl773317.png (not have) a cat if I didn't like dataurl773319.png (not like) animals.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use would + infinitive (wouldn't have) in the main clause and past in the if clause (didn't like).
8If I learned dataurl773321.png (learn) Japanese, I would try dataurl773322.png (try) to find a job in
Japan.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use past in the if clause (learned/learnt) and would + infinitive in the main clause ('d try).
9If he was dataurl773324.png (be) a nice person, he wouldn't treat dataurl773326.png (not treat) people so badly.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use past in the if clause (he was or he were) and would + infinitive in the main clause (wouldn't treat).
10I wouldn't go dataurl773327.png (not go) to that hotel if I were dataurl773329.png (be) you.
➪ This is a second conditional sentence. We use would + infinitive (wouldn't go)in the main clause and past in the if clause (I were).
➪ In the second conditional we can use either was or were with I/he/she/it, but we normally use were (NOT was) when we give advice with the expression if I were you.

1. If Mr Brown had sold (sell) his car last year, he would have got more money for it.
2. If Susan takes her driving lessons regularly, she will pass (pass) her driving test.
3. If Mr Jones watched (watch) the news every evening, he would know more about politics.
4. If Charlie doesn't stop (not stop) eating these green apples, he'll soon feel sick.
5. If you had told me the truth, I would have helped (help) you.
6. If old Mrs White heard a strange noise, she would call (call) the police.
7. If I had had (have) good luck, I would have won the first prize.
8. If I were (be) you, I would throw away all this old junk.
9. If I got the earlier bus, I could (can) come home at 5 o'clock.
10. If mother makes (make) apple pie, I'll give you a piece.
11. If Peter didn't leave (not leave) earlier, he would miss the bus.
12. If we missed the train, we would take (take) a taxi.
13. If he wins (win) a lot of money, he will fly to
Paris.
14. If she is ill, she will not come (not come) to our party.
15. We would play (play) tennis if it stopped raining.

The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is.
(= When you drive faster, it is more dangerous.)
The higher they climbed, the colder it got.
(= When they climbed higher, it got colder.
Without inversion: Light travels faster than sound does
With inversion: Light travels faster than does sound.
She speaks English better than does her brother.
It sounds strange, but that’s because it’s not something we do in spoken English. Again, inversion is very formal, usually used in written form, and only appropriate in some types of writing.
Comparing two subjects using inversion is something you can find in academic writing and on the TOEFL. Listen for the comparison in this reading about lions:
Lions roar louder than do all wild cats. At 114 decibels, their roar is among the animal world’s 10 loudest and can be heard from a distance up to 8 kilometers. A lion’s volume helps it locate other lions and shows dominance over territory.
The inversion appears in this statement:
Lions roar louder than do all wild cats.
Notice again that the inversion appears immediately after the comparative word “than.” The auxiliary verb “do” follows “than” and comes before the second subject. Not too difficult.
You vased the vase and tumbled down
Over the neck of my camel it got crashed
I am soothed once I hear your voice
No matter that is great or nonsense awhile

Which is correct
The poor must be helped by the rich.
(a) The rich must helped the poor
(b) The rich must have help the poor
(c) The rich must help the poor
(d) The rich should help the poor
144. Let the poor not be teased.
(a) Do not teased the poor
(b) Do tease the poor
(c) Do tease not the poor
(d) Do not tease the poor
145. He was offered a good job by the management.
(a) The management offered him a good job
(b) The management was offered him a good job
(c) The management offer him a good job
(d) The management had offered him a good job

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