What is the difference in meaning between the sentences in each of the following groups?
He heard someone shout at him. = he heard the full action
He heard someone shouting at him. = he still shouts on him
جملة 1 = سمع النداء كاملا ( سمع إن أحدا ما قد ناداه )
2. كان يسمعه يناديه \ كان يسمع أن شخصا ما يناديه .. النداء مستمر
I got my hair cut. b. I had Carol cut my hair. = I hired him
I made Carol cut my hair. = I convinced Carol to cut my hair
1. طلبت أو استأجرت احدهم أن يحلق شعر رأسي
The little girl started to cry.
The little girl started crying.
بدأت الطفلة تبكي \ بدأت في البكاء
لا فرق في المعنى
I didn't remember to call Mike. = I think it is my responsibility for calling Mike, but I did not call him ( forget)
I don't remember calling Mike. = I called him but I could not remember when I called
في الجملة الأولى لم يخابره وتذكر بعد مدة أنه كان لزاما عليه ربما كان مشغول بعمل
في الجملة الثانية خابره لكن نسي متى خابره
نلاحظ تبدأ الجملة بفعل مضارع بمعنى هو حاليا لا يتذكر ما قام به سابقا

Rewrite as directed
I
The Australian tiger snake is the most poisonous snake in the world. = superlative (use more)
answer
The Australian tiger snake is more poisonous than any other snake in the world. = comparative degree OR
There is not a snake in the world as poisonous as the Austrian tiger snake. = positive degree
2
No bird is faster than the swift which can fly at the speed of 70 miles an hour= comparative
(use fastest)
The swift is the fastest bird which can fly at the speed of 70 miles an hour
Swift = adjective quick . it is also = noun type of a bird
طائر يتصف بأجنحة طويلة سريع الطيران يطلق عليه " طائر السمامة "

subject verb agreement
توافق الفعل مع الفاعل
one of + plural noun + plural verb
the only one of + plural noun + singular verb
Examples
. She is one of the service reps who (a) speaks, (b) speak three languages
هنا في هذه الجملة هي واحدة من مندوبي الخدمة الذين يتكلمون ثلاث لغات
يعني كل المندوبين يتكلمون ثلاث لغات وهي واحدة من ضمن الجميع
في هذه الحالة الضمير who يعود إلى service reps
He is the only one of the service reps who (a) does, (b) do not speak a foreign language
أما هنا هي الوحيدة من بين مندوبي الخدمة من لا يتكلم لغة أجنبية
وفي هذه الحالة الضمير who يعود للبنت وليس لمندوبي الخدمة
معناها البقية يتكلمون لغات أجنبية وهي الوحيدة بينهم من لا يجيد التكلم بلغة أجنبية

All hands were at the pumps, [ main clause] and it was clear , [ coordinate clause] that unless the ship were lightened, the leak would gain upon them [ subordinate clause ] ; before daylight the men were fainting from fatigue, and cold, and wet... [ here it can be separated instead of using a semicolon, but since the idea was related, the writer inserted a semicolon = unless those men did the best, the ship would be lost
هذه القطعة ترجمتها تجعلنا نراوغ فيها كثيرا
لكن دعوني أعيد صياغتها وترتيبها من جديد وأجعلها سهلة للمترجم

Now let me rewrite and paraphrase

Before daylight the men were fainting from fatigue, cold, wet, and sank from their labour. All hands were at the pumps, and it was clear unless the ship were lightened,the leak would gain upon them. Although the ship seemed rapidly settling, and the waist was ankle deep in water, yet no one dared to sound the well lest those who already had begun to despair, should, if the report were bad, give themselves up for lost, and, by abandoning themselves to their fate, involve the fate of others


ارجو قراءة الشرح في صفحة 9 أيضا


All hands were at the pumps, and it was clear, that unless the ship were lightened, the leak would gain upon them ; before daylight the men were fainting from fatigue, and cold, and wet; and sank from their labour; the ship seemed rapidly settling, and the waist was ankle deep in water, yet no one dared to sound the well, lest those who already had begun to despair, should, if the report were bad, give themselves up for lost, and, by abandoning themselves to their fate, involve the fate of others

None of the cake has been eaten by the partygoers ( singular noun so a singular verb)
None of the students was \ were invited to make a speech
( plural noun after non both options are possible )

Although none refers to the plural noun students, it may have either a singular or a plural meaning, depending on the author's focus. If the focus is on each individual (not one), then the verb should be singular (was); if the focus is on the group (not any), then the verb should be plural (were)

None of these swimmers wear their flippers in the pool
هنا لا يمكن أن تستخدم فعل مفرد لوجود اشارة واضحة أن المقصود جمع بدلالة الضمير their
None of the money was ever found
None of the experts agree \ agrees with the research findings
None of these actors is an Oscar winner
هنا لأنه أداة تنكير an لا يجوز أن نستخدم قبلها فعل جمع
None of these athletes plan to sell their equipment
هنا كما في مثال سابق يوجد ضمير تملك جمع فالفعل يجب أن يكون جمع كذلك
None of the clothing seems appropriate for the event
اسم مفرد بعده فعل مفرد

Who refers to those

ابن عمي هو واحد من هؤلاء ( الذين وليس الذي ) يقدرون على إدارة العمل من البيت.
كلهم قادرين على إدارة العمل من البيت وهو واحد من ضمنهم

All hands were at the pumps, and it was clear, that unless the ship were lightened, the leak would gain upon them ; before daylight the men were fainting from fatigue, and cold, and wet; and sank from their labour; the ship seemed rapidly settling, and the waist was ankle deep in water, yet no one dared to sound the well, lest those who already had begun to despair, should, if the report were bad, give themselves up for lost, and, by abandoning themselves to their fate, involve the fate of others

Gloves and a large woolly jumper (is/are) essential for this trip
two subjects joined by and = plural =
is \ are either of these times convenient for you
كلمة either والتي هي نوع من الضمائرindefinite pronoun تعامل مفرد دائما
Each husband and wife (was/were) asked questions in the survey
كلمة each ايضا تعامل مفرد حتى لو جاء بعدها and يبقى الفعل مفرد
13) The number of patients that (is/are) waiting for an operation (is/are) increasing
هنا هذه الجملة يصعب فهمها على المبتدئ
the number is increasing and patients are waiting
كلمة the number التي هي الفاعل الأول فعلها = is
بينما كلمة patients أيضا فاعل فعلها = are
Every house and every flat (was/were) inspected by a member of our team
كلمة every أيضا = مفرد ويتبعها فعل مفرد حتى لو جاء ألف every بعدها أو and
لا تتأثر يبقى الفعل مفرد
البعض قليلوا الخبرة خاصة يظنون تصبح جمع وهذا خطأ
A large number of people (have/has) never been taught the rules of subject-verb agreement

1
I haven't been listening to this CD for ages. X(haven't listened)

هنا المفروض تكون مضارع تام بسيط وليس مستمر لأنه أنت انقطعت عن الإستماع وذكرت مدة
2
Has it rained? X There are a lot of puddles
Correct : has it been raining
استخدام المضارع التام المستمر يعطينا فكرة أوضح أنه استمر هطول المطر حتى ظهر واضحا للعيان انتشار برك المياه
3
The kids have been playing computer games all day. ✓ = correct
4
I've been having X lots of problems recently. ( I have had)
5
How long has it been cold? = ✓ correct
6
Harry's been fond of jazz music X since years. ( for)
7
I've been liking X that girl since I met her. ( have liked)
8
Trevor has been reading X half of his book. ( has read)
لو كان مستمر لما عرفنا النتيجة لكن مضارع تام بسيط يعطينا فكرة أن العمل تم


.

To the verbs of mental activity followed by that clauses might be added verbs expressing preference—prefer, would (or had) rather, would (or had) sooner. Such that clauses occur after these verbs only if their subjects are different from the subjects of the main verbs—I prefer that he leaves now (compare with I prefer to leave now, or I prefer leaving now). Subjunctive forms also occur in such clauses, especially if would accompanies the verbs express¬ ing preference—I would prefer that he leave (or left) now
After certain verbs of thinking and judging, a that clause containing a form of be may be interchangeable with an infinitive phrase. Examples of such verbs are assume, believe, consider, feel, imagine, judge, presume, suppose, think..)
/ believe him (to be) innocent, (vs. / believe that he is innocent.)
We consider him (to be) a fair person, (vs. We consider that he is a fair person.) I suppose him to be still there, (vs. / suppose that he is still there.)
Note (that) after some of these verbs to be may be omitted.
After some verbs of indirect speech that clauses may be interchangeable with prepositional gerund phrases.
He boasted about having killed a bear (or that he had killed a bear).
She confessed to having told a He (or that she had told a lie ).
They hinted at having lost a great deal of money (or that they had lost a great deal of money).


That clauses may be used after these verbs even when their subjects denote things rather than
persons
المقصود أفعال الحواس
\ reveal \ show \ prove \ mean ....

His appearance was so strange that a curious crowd soon gathered around him
If we remove ( so ..that) how it comes
His appearance was strange a curious crowd soon gathered around him
هل الجملة أعلاه المحذوف منها so -that مقبولة ؟
الجواب طبعا ليست مقبولة على الإطلاق لأنه الجملة تشتت وتفقد معناها
Suppose we remove only ( that)
His appearance was so strange a curious crowd soon gathered around him
It is also not acceptable
Furthermore, someone suggested rewriting it as follow
His appearance was strange, curious, crowd soon gathered around him
كيف ستصبح ترجمتها ؟
هو لا يدري في هذه الحالة ستكون الصفة curious تشير لصاحب المظهر الغريب
مظهره كان غير مألوف وغريب الأطوار . تجمع حوله جمهور من الناس
من هو مظهره ليس مألوف ؟ يحتاج نعطي دليل , إشارة تربط بين الفكرتين وإلا ستكون الجملة ركيكة وغامضة
وليست مقبولة على الإطلاق
The sentences loses most of its structure as well as its coherence
Not possible anymore
---
Delete that for brevity; retain that for clarity
What about that? When should that be used, and when should that be omitted?
The challenge in offering a simple answer is that (that) question refers to is an unusually nimble, hard-working word. It can serve as an adverb :
(“I didn’t realize that she was that tall”), a demonstrative pronoun (“ That is my brother”), a conjunction introducing a noun clause that acts as the object of a verb (“I was told that you are an experienced accountant”), and a relative pronoun ( The report that was approved by the board was written by Susan ”), to cite just a few examples.
It is in the latter two uses, as a conjunction and as a relative pronoun, that (that) often may be omitted to good effect ( I was told you are an experienced accountant”; “The report approved by the board was written by Susan”).
To set aside the grammatical terms and put it as simply as possible: Delete that for brevity; retain that for clarity. If deleting that would compress the sentence in a way that improves its flow and rhythm, take it out. Compare
I recommend that you take my advice with “I recommend you take my advice. If deleting that would create ambiguity or momentarily mislead the reader, leave it in. Compare:
The attorney believed her client was guilty”
with “The attorney believed that her client was guilty.”
In the end, however, your use of that is a matter of personal preference.
As Patricia O' Conner advises in Woe Is I: The Grammarphobe's Guide to Better English in Plain English, you may prefer to retain ( that) after “thinking” verbs such as know, believe, decide, and realize. For example, “I know that you are correct, I believe that his willingness to work hard was responsible for his success, and I realize that, once again, I am ten minutes late.

You also may find it useful to retain that when offering an aside at the beginning of a second clause (“He admitted that, without her support, he was helpless”)
How can you tell when omitting (that) improves the flow and rhythm of a sentence and when that is needed for clarity? The best way is to use your ear.

another example
The book that the professor wrote was remarkably short
Here it is also object pronoun in the defining relative clause
it can be omitted : The book the professor wrote .......
However, to keep the pronoun is better
we can also change it into passive voice as
The book that was written by the professor was short
And here in the structure passive = subject pronoun ( not omitted )

المقصود حذف الضمير لوحده لا يمكن
لكن تستطيع عمل reduce

There is difference between omitting the relative pronoun and reducing the relative clause

the book written by the professor was short
changed to past participle

Let me first address "that" and "which"
The dress that the movie star is wearing weighs about fifty pounds.
The dress, which the movie star is wearing, weighs about fifty pounds.
What pronoun is used will come down to the author's intention. If the description of the dress [the movie star is wearing it] is intended as a defining clause, the pronoun "that" is used. If the description of the dress is intended to be a non-defining clause [optional/incidental information], then "which" is used. Context is important here - what the reader already knows about the dress, whether the author wants to focus on the dress or bring attention to the fact the movie star is weighing it, and perhaps other factors will decide which pronoun is used.
Now, as to whether the pronoun can be omitted entirely, I agree with you that it should not. There is a trend in modern English to avoid overusing "that", and this trend has mistakenly removed "that" from sentences where it is technically needed. For example, the sentence below would be understood by most
The dress the movie star is wearing weighs about fifty pounds.
However, your analysis is correct - this is a particular dress, and the information about it [whether defining or non-defining] immediately follows. Furthermore, this clause is not preceded by a bridging verb or noun. So I must agree, a pronoun should be used in this sentence.
Best wishes,
Andrew
---
Andrew MacDonald
Assistant Teacher - EspressoEnglish.net

I recommend rewriting it as : The movie star is wearing a dress which \ that weighs 50 pounds. = subject pronoun and cannot be removed

The dress the movie star is wearing weighs 50 pounds" is strange
The sentence "The dress the movie star is wearing weighs 50 pounds" may sound a bit awkward or ambiguous without the relative pronoun. It is a case where the omission of the relative pronoun can lead to some confusion or an unclear meaning
In this specific sentence, without the relative pronoun "which" or "that," it could be interpreted in different ways
The dress that the movie star is currently wearing weighs 50 pounds
The dress belonging to the movie star (but not necessarily the one they are wearing at the moment) weighs 50 pounds
The first interpretation is more likely, but the omission of the relative pronoun leaves room for ambiguity, and the reader might have to pause and think about the intended meaning
To avoid ambiguity and ensure clarity, it's generally better to include the relative pronoun
"The dress which the movie star is wearing weighs 50 pounds."
Or: "The dress that the movie star is wearing weighs 50 pounds."
By including the relative pronoun, the sentence becomes clearer and more easily understood by the reader. In formal writing or situations where clarity is crucial, using the relative pronoun is recommended